EXOPHTHALMOS AND ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital anomalies that involve an anomalous direct connection between arterial and venous vessels, without the presence of intermediate capillaries, resulting in an abnormal blood flow pattern within the brain parenchyma.1 The diagnosis of AVMs usually involves a combination of clinical and radiological methods.2,3 Method: This study is an Integrative Literature Review. In order to compose this study, papers that address the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of exophthalmos and arteriovenous malformation were examined using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Results: Exophthalmos, characterized by abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, can be secondary to several conditions, including AVMs. The articles reviewed report that exophthalmos associated with AVMs usually results from compression or invasion of the orbital tissues by anomalous vessels. The diagnostic methods mentioned in the studies include: Computed Tomography (CT) useful for identifying calcifications and the extent of the lesion; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides details on the anatomical relationship of AVMs with adjacent structures; Angiography considered the gold standard for detailed assessment of the vascular anatomy of AVMs. Among surgical interventions, microsurgical resection of AVMs is often recommended, although it is associated with significant risks. The introduction of advanced technologies such as functional MRI and more precise embolization techniques have improved clinical outcomes. Advances in surgical and imaging techniques have reduced the mortality and morbidity associated with AVMs. Discussion: The anatomical location of these anomalies can cause severe symptoms such as loss of vision, cranial neuropathy and hypothalamic dysfunction due to bleeding⁴. A systematic review of the literature and analysis of institutional cases showed that microsurgical resection of these lesions resulted in improvements in visual function for the majority of patients⁵. Conclusion: This study has therefore highlighted the importance of an accurate investigation into the signs and symptoms that indicate an association with arteriovenous malformation in order to optimize management, both in terms of proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.